Cultural Shock Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Social Shock - Research Paper Example Normal practices and correspondence attributes are the fundamental component of the anticipation infringement hypothesis. Hope Violation Theory considers correspondence to be the medium through which individuals trade data with each other. Correspondence can likewise be utilized to damage the desires for someone else as either adverse or constructive relying on the connection between the two individuals. Notwithstanding, specialists likewise clarify this hypothesis as in speaking with others; individuals by and large have a desire for the manner in which the other individual will respond verbally or non-verbally. The Expectancy Violation Theory evaluates the manner by which we respond to someone’s non-verbal conduct (Kunda and Thagard, 1996). Social stun is when individuals or an individual goes into another culture when they relocate to another spot or experience new individuals around them. The trouble they have in changing in that culture and among the individuals is known as social stun. Anticipation Violation Theory firmly identified with social stun as the individuals who are new to the general public will confront challenges in keeping desires from the individuals concerning what their response will be. As the practices are new, there will be dubious forecasts about the desires for the individuals on the interchanges made whether verbal or non-verbal (Burgoon, 1993). While having a correspondence with someone’s, the response of the individual can either be certain or adverse, which implies that either the individual will grin or will show an inconsiderate response (Marques, 1990). The hypothesis looks at that the individuals convey desires when they interface with others and these desires are from the way of life or the people in that culture. They make forecasts about the non-verbal interchanges, and there are times when their desires damage (Jussim et al, 1987). Individual space alludes to a space that must be kept up while connecting

Internal and External Factors of Management Essay Example for Free

Inside and External Factors of Management Essay Presentation Organizations depend vigorously on the four essential elements of the board Planning, Organizing, Directing, and Controlling; notwithstanding, the talented administration of inner and outer elements will at last decide the life span of the organization. Supervisory crews are estimated on how rapidly they can construct an organization over a brief period. In any case, the genuine measure is the way well an organization can keep on developing. Organization achievement is consistently advancing as the world changes, making it troublesome on supervisory groups to adjust as inward and outside powers shape new ways. Google is a prime case of a main organization who should continually assess their business goals to stay aware of the changing mechanical scene. Conventional plans of action utilize a top down methodology may leave the organization unfit to change, as the business head can't change. â€Å"It is vital that neither Larry Page nor Sergei Brin, Googles authors, has announced himself boss programming modeler, the identification Bill Gates wears at Microsoft† (Hamel, 2006) Instead the organizers have planned an idea the makes each thought remain on its own benefits. Interior and outer factors, for example, Globalization, Technology, Innovation, Diversity, and Ethics convey enormous load in the board methodologies and the strategy in which thoughts are executed. Arranging Arranging is the first of the four administration capacities. Google figures out how to get ready for their future by perceiving that arranging requires innovative work. Putting resources into new advances requires some investment and cash, and few out of every odd penny or moment can be committed to explore without different hotspots for money. This is the reason Google put resources into littler organizations to support the development of progress in the mechanical world. So despite the fact that the company’s generally development may encounter moderate periods the general pay will keep on developing with the obtaining of these various littler organizations. Arranging Getting sorted out is pulling in individuals to the association just as gathering and organizing the human, budgetary, physical, enlightening, and different assets expected to accomplish objectives. â€Å"Google is broadly elitist with regards to recruiting. It comprehends that organizations start to slide into average quality when they begin to enlist fair individuals. Googles difficult recruiting process, similar to a Mensa test, values resistance almost as profoundly as genius.† (Hamel,â 2006) Google likewise permits their workers 20% imaginative time, which is off financial plan, and off task. This off move time can credit to some of Google’s most beneficial thoughts and programming usage. Giving the innovative outlet to the company’s exceptionally imaginative representatives has yielded extraordinary outcomes and is a piece of Google’s in general arranging model. Hamel, G. (2006, Apr 27). The executives a la google. The Wall Street Journal Asia. Recovered from http://search.proquest.com/docview/315425991?accountid=35812 A definitive trial of any supervisory group isn't the manner by which quick it can develop its organization for the time being, however how reliably it can develop it over the long haul. In reality as we know it where change is persevering and rebellious, this requests a limit with respect to fast vital adjustment. Much of the time, organizations havent been changing as quick as the world around them.What the slouches have neglected to get a handle on is that what makes a difference most today is definitely not a companys upper hand at a point in time, however its transformative favorable position after some time. [Google] gets this. While Googles development will unavoidably slow, theres a decent possibility that its incomes will bend upward for a considerable length of time. Why? Since its novel administration framework appears to have been intended to make preparations for the hazard factors that so frequently disintegrate an associations developmental potential: When force is ass embled at the main, a convention bound official group can hold a companys ability to change prisoner to its own capacity to adjust. That is the reason it normally takes a monetary emergency and authority change to set an organization on another course. It is critical that neither Larry Page nor Sergei Brin, Googles originators, has broadcasted himself boss programming modeler, the identification Bill Gates wears at Microsoft. Instead of expect theyre trustworthy soothsayers with a perfect option to direct Googles next technique and the one from that point onward, Messrs. Page and Brin have made a Darwinian domain wherein each thought must contend on its benefits, not on the magnificence of its supporters title. Google comprehends that even as its sloping up todays plan of action, it must purchase choices on the future by making a great deal of little Googlettes. Development requests a great deal of new examinations; yet experimentation requires some serious energy and cash, rare wares when each hour of time and each dollar of capital have as of now beenâ allocated to some crucial undertaking. That is the reason each Google designer can spend up to 20% of his time taking a shot at off-financial plan, out-of-scope ventures. This time is in excess of an advantage; its Googles seed corn for what's to come. The result? In one late period, the greater part of Googles recently propelled items could follow their causes to a 20% undertaking. You have mentioned on-the-fly machine interpretation of chose content from our databases. This usefulness is given exclusively to your benefit and is not the slightest bit proposed to supplant human interpretation. Show full disclaimer Neither ProQuest nor its licensors make any portrayals or guarantees concerning the interpretations. The interpretations are naturally created AS IS and AS AVAILABLE and are not held in our frameworks. PROQUEST AND ITS LICENSORS SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ANY AND ALL EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY WARRANTIES FOR AVAILABILITY, ACCURACY, TIMELINESS, COMPLETENESS, NON-INFRINGMENT, MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. 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Having Healthy Family Relationships With Less Stress

Having Healthy Family Relationships With Less Stress Stress Management Relationship Stress Print Having Healthy Family Relationships With Less Stress Manage stress by fostering closer relationships within your family By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on September 14, 2018 Morsa Images / Taxi / Getty Images More in Stress Management Relationship Stress Effects on Health Management Techniques Situational Stress Job Stress Household Stress A connection to family provides a certain type of social support that you can’t get from other people. Provided they aren’t severely emotionally toxic, we can generally depend on our families in times of crisis for emotional and practical support, and sometimes even financial support when we’re desperately in need. Most of the time, the family is a constant in our lives, and a welcome one when there are so many people who are content to drift in and out when circumstances change. Our families carry our history with them, and they generally share our future as well. Who better than siblings, parents, and other close relatives can reminisce with us about our childhoods, or remember pieces of ourselves we’ve forgotten? This connection to fond memories, support in times of need  and near-unconditional love is a unique way that family brings us happiness as well as relief from stress. Unfortunately, with the complexity of these relationships, theyre not always easy. If you would like to feel more connected to your family, the following resources can help for a variety of family structures: Become Adept at Dealing With Difficult People Dealing with difficult people is never easy. But while it may be better for your stress level and even improve your health to eliminate strained relationships from your life, its not always a simple undertaking when the difficult people are relatives, co-workers, or people you otherwise must have in your life. What to do? These tips on dealing with difficult people can help keep conflict at bay and reduce your stress level. Improve Your Relationships With Healthy Communication Social support is a great stress reliever, but relationships can also be a major source of stress. As conflict is virtually inevitable in any relationship, here are ten important tips on managing conflict in a respectful way that yields positive results, rather than damaging your connection and causing additional stress. Do You Like Who You Are When Youre With Your Family of Origin? When people get together with their families of origin, they often regress to the behavior patterns they had when they were younger, as that’s how we’re usually most experienced in dealing with parents and siblings. It can be stressful to feel pulled toward old patterns, however, especially if you’ve grown beyond these old roles and they no longer reflect who you are. If this describes your situation, here are a few things to try: How to Handle the Stress of Adult Sibling Rivalry Mom always did like you best! Sound familiar? If you feel strained in your relationship with your family because your parents favor another sibling or another sibling’s family, you may be surprised to find that you’re not alone. Learn how to handle sibling rivalry as an adult, and enjoy your family gatherings much more from now on. Heres how. The Family Stress Section The role your family plays in your life, and the health of your family relationships, can really affect your stress levels.  Remember, strong family relationships can be a source of strength that you can draw upon in times of stress, and use to expand your enjoyment of the good times you experience in life.  A conflicted family relationship can not just deprive you of that support, but they can create additional stress that depletes your ability to cope.  You may not be able to completely control the types of relationships you have with your family members--after all, relationships are dynamics that involve more than just one person--but there are many things that you can do to create greater harmony in your relationships, and protect yourself from unnecessary stress and pain.  Find more resources for dealing with family relationships here.

Gun Control For or Against - 1495 Words

The debate over gun control in the U.S today is not merely as welcomed today as it was in the early 1700’s because of controversy, misunderstanding of the law, and the danger guns cause. In 1791 James Madison had written the Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights makes up the first 10 amendments in the Constitution. Madison had to create this Bill of Rights in order to win over the state of New York in order to rewrite the Constitution himself. The right to keep and bear arms is the second amendment in our Constitution. This law itself has always been a major priority and issue since it was created, and it is still a large issue today. Gun control has always been a large issue when it came to the government. We have an ongoing battle†¦show more content†¦This amendment was written in the idea that men would have guns in order to protect their own states and to retain food for their families, not that they would go around killing other people like civilians in 2012 do. Tha t is why gun control laws were created, in protection for others who do not own a firearm themselves. â€Å"Danger is the biggest idea when it comes to controlling the population and making sure the gun control laws stay in affect. â€Å"The gun ban had an unintended effect: It emboldened criminals because they knew that law-abiding District residents were unarmed and powerless to defend themselves. Violent crime increased after the law was enacted, with homicides rising to 369 in 1988, from 188 in 1976 when the ban started. By 1993, annual homicides had reached 454. [...] Since the gun ban was struck down, murders in the District have steadily gone down, from 186 in 2008 to 88 in 2012, the lowest number since the law was enacted in 1976.† (Jeffery Shapiro, Wall Street Journal) This quote explains how the new gun laws made it more efficient for criminals to come after their victims because they now knew that majority of their victims would not be carrying a defense weapon. These laws made the crimes increase, but once the gun ban was gotten rid of crime was at its now lowest numbers in 2012. So the United States now knows that guns being banned do not help to prevent any kind of danger orShow MoreRelatedGun Control Against Or For? Essay1635 Words   |  7 PagesHopsin Gun Control Against or For? 9/21/2015 In the United States gun control has become very important, every time you watch the news or read the newspaper you hear about gun related violence in the U.S. It isn’t just war, suicide, and gang related incidents, it is kids killing kids. On February 29, 2000 there was six year old boy who accidently killed a classmate, who was also six years old. Prior that day the two children was witnessed to have been a in a fight and the boy brought the gun to simplyRead MoreThe Arguments Against Gun Control Essay1207 Words   |  5 Pagesthe arguments against and for gun control? Gun control is a controversial topic in the United States. Therefore, the arguments against gun control are whether or not there is gun control law, and people still can find firearms from some illegal place. Second, the 2nd Amendment’s allows people have the rights to own guns for self-defense. Third, my friend gives me detailed explanation about why he likes to own a gun. On the other hand, I also r esearch some arguments for gun control. People who voteRead MoreThe Argument Against Gun Control Essay1141 Words   |  5 Pagesthis paper, I consider the topic of gun control. First, I present Dixon’s argument in support of gun control, which is that all personal guns should be banned. Second, I introduce Huemer’s argument against the regulation of guns, which is that banning personal firearms is not justified. Third, I critique Huemer’s argument against gun control on the grounds of three claims. First, the right to own a gun is nullified by its negative repercussions. Second, gun control does not violate an individual’s rightRead MoreArgument Against Gun Control1340 Words   |  6 Pages Final Paper: Argument Against Gun Control The argument on firearm regulation has been a heated discussion for many years. On one side of the debate, we have people in favor placing restrictions on guns, while, on the opposite end of the spectrum, we have people fighting the regulation of guns. People in favor gun restrictions believe gun control can reduce crime ,while, the people against gun control believe having the right to bearRead MoreAn Argument Against Gun Control Essay912 Words   |  4 Pageslaw to outlaw all guns would be more effective at disarming law-abiding citizens than at disarming the criminals who abuse them. If guns were outlawed, the criminals would not stop carrying guns, but the good, law-abiding citizens would. It would do nothing about the illegally obtained handguns in the possession of criminals. In The NRA is Right, Josh Sugarmann states that â€Å"One tenet of the National Rifle Association’s faith has always been that handgun controls do little to stopRead MoreEssay on An Argument Against Gun Control773 Words   |  4 PagesArgument Against Gun Control An Argument Against Gun Control As long ago as 1789, the creators of the Constitution realized the importance of guns in American society. The Second Amendment states,A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. No loopholes, or legal caches exist in this statement. The Founding Fathers allow for no restriction of the private ownership of firearmsRead MoreAgainst Gun Control Of The United States1145 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish II November 1, 2015 Against Gun Control Crime and guns, the two always seem to be acting together, however, these two elements are absolutely nothing alike. Do guns commit the horrific crimes? Do the laws placed on gun control keep the citizens of the United States safe? These are the questions many citizens and lawmakers are asking themselves when they try to launch laws on gun control. Although many people are for gun control, they do not realize that gun control violate the United StatesRead MoreArguments For And Against Increased Gun Control994 Words   |  4 PagesThis paper analyses data from several sources to create a more complete understanding of the arguments for and against increased gun control in the US. While this paper will not cover all of the factors that should be taken into account it does cover some of the more prominent ones are discussed. The first has to do with the effects weapons may have on people, more specifically called the weapons effect. Second is the effect of intent and the difference bet ween aggression and violence. The thirdRead MoreAmericas Debate Against Gun Control1155 Words   |  5 Pages ï » ¿ The United States and the war on Gun Control The gun control issue has recently created a massive uproar throughout the U.S. due to some major horrific events such as the Virginia Tech shooting in 2007, where 32 people were killed, the Sandy Hook shooting in 2012 where 27 people were killed, mostly children, and the Columbine shooting in 1999 where 13 people were killed, (CNN) as well as many others. To some, it is a crime issueRead MorePersuasive Essay Against Gun Control1934 Words   |  8 Pageswould outlaw guns would be a more of a disadvantage to the law-abiding citizens than it would be to the criminals. If a law like that would be enacted, the criminals would not stop carrying guns but the pleasant citizens of the United States would. Currently, there is three major laws that prohibit specific firearms. The National Firearms Act of 1934 restricts citizens from possessing automatic weapons, hand grenades and other powerful arms. There is another federal law, The Gun Control Act of 1968

Allegory Of The Cave In Fahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury

Plato’s â€Å"Allegory of the Cave† is considered a model for Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury, because of the struggles and revelations of the prisoner. Guy Montag is the prisoner in the novel. His society, with the fake reality, has caused him to undergo a series of struggles and revelations as he ascends. The novel and the allegory relate because the allegory is an outline for what the novel is.The allegory has a prisoner stage, the bonfire stage and an above ground stage. Montag went from being prisoner and believing in all the fake realities; such as, the fireman rules or any of societies rules. Then to the bonfire stage where Clarisse played a big part in making him realize that books provide meaning to people. After is above ground,†¦show more content†¦The government and this fake reality have led people to believe that the fake is the truth. The rules that are given to the people is to read books and to not think, but this is already just conditioned int o their minds. Montag because of this reality isn’t able to feel emotions or form ideas because of his fake realities, that he has seen since he was little. Montag soon begins to enter the bonfire stage. Clarisse, is an observant, curious, open-minded and unique 17 year old girl. Montag, after meeting a couple times with Clarisse, is when his eyes truly open that his society is full of fake realities. He becomes observant and starts asking questions about his society. While being with Clarisse, Montag would smell the leaves and notice the small details; therefore, he was having a shift from being a prisoner to going up to the bonfire. On page #48 it says, â€Å" You’re not sick,† said Mildred. Montag fell back in bed. He reached under the pillow. The hidden book was still there. â€Å"Mildred, how would it be if, well, maybe I quit my job awhile?† â€Å"You want to give up everything? After all these years of working, because, one night, some woman and h er books-† â€Å"You should have seen her, Millie!†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. â€Å"You weren’t there, you didn’t see ,† he said. â€Å" There must be something in the books, things we can’t imagine, to make a woman stay in a burning house; there must be something there. You don’t stay for nothing.† This is the event that changed Montags viewpoint on booksShow MoreRelatedFahrenheit 451 And The Allegory Of The Cave By Ray Bradbury952 Words   |  4 PagesArdon, Samantha Professor Moore ENG 101 #34285 9 October 2017 Lies Hidden in Truth Most people do not walk to a bookshelf and read a book in a one sitting anymore. Has the current world become similar to the society in Fahrenheit 451 written by Ray Bradbury? Fahrenheit 451 is set in a future idea of the world, where books are forbidden. Firefighters have a different type of job in this world; instead of putting out fires, they start them. One of the firefighters, Guy Montag, is not as interestedRead MoreThe Frightening Future: Farenheit 451 Essay856 Words   |  4 Pagesmore advanced piece of technology is considered â€Å"odd† or â€Å"wrong†. Plato’s Allegory of the Cave can be related to this idea of ethics in that people in today’s society who are wrong are trapped in the cave while the people living in â€Å"reality† are the people that are right. However, this can go both ways, the people that are â€Å"right† in today’s society and are up to date with technology can be the ones considered trapped in a cave b ecause they are missing out on the real world and are living in the virtualRead MoreAnimal Farm And Fahrenheit 451 Literary Analysis811 Words   |  4 Pagesagainst. Again this theme of â€Å"the struggle for freedom† is shown in the book Animal Farm by George Orwell, and Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury. In both of these novels the characters struggle to gain their freedom from the restrictions society placed on them. Freedom is only attained when it is fought for as shown in â€Å"I Have a Dream†, Fahrenheit 451, and Animal Farm. In the novel, Fahrenheit 451, Montag struggles for freedom despite societys restrictions. This is demonstrated when Montag is talking toRead MoreThe Sound of Silence Response Essay622 Words   |  3 Pageslight. Seeing what one was never realized before. It relates well to the allegory of the cave by Plato and the book Fahrenheit 451, it was actually written as a response to this book by Ray Bradbury. This song really shows how people in society do not think, they go along with what is going on and do not question, they do not act upon what is wrong. Many similar ideas found in this song are also found in the book Fahrenheit 451, and in the short story, â€Å"Harrison Bergeron,† that we read in class.Read MoreOppression By George Orwell And Fahrenheit 4512355 Words   |  10 Pagesachieved in 1984 and Fahrenheit 451 ‘If you want a vision of the future, imagine a boot stamping on a human face – forever’ O’Brien explains to Winston whilst torturing him near the end of Nineteen Eighty-Four. It is this sense of oppression which Orwell and Bradbury both portray in their novels. Oppression can be defined as the, ‘cruel or unjust use of power or authority’. In Nineteen Eighty-Four there is quite a clear sense of cruelness and totalitarianism, whereas in Fahrenheit 451 there is a lessRead MoreHuman Nature In Fahrenheit 4511349 Words   |  6 Pagespolitics, one can gain insight as the how they highlight the best or worst of human nature. The Crucible a play by Arthur Miller, is an allegory for the Cold War politics and examines the tensions that occur between one s perception of what is moral according to human nature when constrained by a theocratic society. Fahrenheit 451 a dystopian novel by Ray Bradbury, shows how oppressive governments can never succeed in trying to force conformity in one s human nature. The Lottery is a dystopian shirt

Behaviorism after the founding Free Essays

Behaviorism as the third force in psychology have started out as a theoretical proposition of John B. Watson when he came out with â€Å"Psychology as The Behaviorist Views It† and have been known as the behaviorist manifesto (Benjamin, 1997). Watson proposed that psychology is the study of behavior and have put forth four major assumptions that form the tenets of behaviorism as a school of thought. We will write a custom essay sample on Behaviorism after the founding or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first assumption is that of evolutionary continuity which means that the laws of behavior are applicable to all living organisms. This assumption has substantiated the behaviorist’s use of animals in the study of human behavior. The second assumption is that of reductionism, this refers to the behaviorist’s belief that all behaviors have a physiological basis and that behavior is the body’s reaction to a stimulus. The third assumption is determinism, behaviorists support the idea that animals respond to external stimuli in specific ways and are inherently programmed into one’s brain from birth. The last assumption is empiricism which is one of the cornerstones of behaviorism and that it is the contention that only overt actions or behavior are measurable and observable and lend itself to the scientific method. Thus, to the behaviorist, psychology should be the study of overt behavior. B. F. Skinner was a self-confessed convert to behaviorism after reading Watson’s monograph; he was also influenced by the experimental studies of Ivan Pavlov (Bjork, 1997). Skinner developed a theory that was based on the classical conditioning paradigm of Pavlov and integrated it with his own definition of behaviorism. Skinner’s major work is his theory of operant conditioning, wherein he said that behavior can be conditioned through reinforcement and behavior diminishes when it is not reinforced. He borrowed from Pavlov the basic idea of conditioning, but instead of limiting it to a stimulus-response paradigm, he incorporated the importance of rewards and punishment, which means that behavior is not only exhibited as a response to a stimulus but also as a form of association between the reinforcement given after the behavior. Skinner’s theoretical position made it obvious that he deviated from Watson’s radical behaviorism, because conditioning a she defined it involves cognition which Watson has strongly eradicated from his propositions. Moreover, the emphasis given to reinforcements and punishments hint at the need to acknowledge mental processes in the study of behavior. Skinner’s work was well received by the academic community much even that Watson’s initial paper was and this have spurned the interest of like minded psychologists who did support the methodological implications of behaviorism but was not receptive of the radical arguments of Watson. Skinner’s ideas made more sense because it did not advocated the idea that men are not thinking beings and were more able to capture how man behaves. Skinner’s kind of behaviorism somehow married the opposing views of mind and behavior and also gave importance to how environmental experiences and influences shape human behavior. Moreover, operant conditioning was applicable in a number of areas most notably education, child rearing and animal training (Skinner, 1966). Skinner’s behaviorism has also influenced other psychologists to study and conceptualize psychological phenomena using the principles of operant conditioning and indeed was the kind of behaviorism that has flourished for the last century or so in the field of psychology. Contemporary behaviorism have been identified as the study of social learning, wherein a behavior is learned through socialization and socialization is the process by which behavior is rewarded or punished by society (Smith Woodward, 1996). The evolution of behaviorism from Watson to Skinner and to the present has been made possible by the vast research and theoretical models developed by psychologists who adhere to contemporary behaviorism. One of the hallmarks of behaviorism is the use of animals to study human behavior. Animal research has proven to be useful in understanding how man learns or can be trained to exhibit a certain type of behavior (Benjamin, 1997). Although animal behavior is limited, it nonetheless becomes necessary for behavioral scientists because ethical considerations in using a human subject in risky experiments are not permitted. For example, doing a research on the effect of light illumination to sleep deprivation is probably unethical to do on humans. Although animals are not exactly anatomically similar to humans, animal physiology and anatomy have been well studied and documented that tracing the reactions of mice to light will be easier and scientifically sound. The generalizations made based on this study is however limited but is an acceptable margin of error. Moreover, animals can be easily manipulated and subjected to experiments than humans because they operate on an instinctual level and do not have to process the information given to them. The knowledge gained in studying animals is numerous but especially have been concentrated on learning and behavior and to some extent how drugs affect the brain or the body. Animal research can help us understand human behavior better because to some degree we share with them basic drives that are necessary for our existence and hence, learning how animals react to stress or hunger can give us the information needed to adequately explain behavior. Animals exhibit simple behaviors which humans share and have grown in complexity over the years but if analyzed is based still on simple behaviors. References Benjamin, L. (1997) A History of Psychology: Original Sources and Contemporary Research 2nd ed. New York: McGraw –Hill. Bjork, D. (1997) B. F. Skinner: A Life. Washington: American Psychological Association. Skinner, B. F. (1966). The Behavior of Organisms: An Experimental Analysis. 7th printing. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. Smith, L. Woodward, W. (1996). B. F Skinner and Behaviorism in American Culture. London: Lehigh University Press How to cite Behaviorism after the founding, Papers

Knowledge Management Practices as Found in Contemporary American Business and Management

Introduction: Contemporary U.S. Management and Its Specifics The world of entrepreneurship is facing a new era, i.e., the epoch when the informational civilization is being born, with information quickly becoming the main and the most valuable article of trade, the necessity of being able to use this commodity the right way appears.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Knowledge Management: Practices as Found in Contemporary American Business and Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The vast amounts of information and the need to process them quickly have spawned the creation of a new type of management – knowledge management, with an appropriate theory to support it. However, even more striking changes have come, contributing to shaping the process of knowledge management. Because of the numerous factors that contribute to shaping the knowledge management system, as well as the availability of information combined with the need to distribute it fast and evenly, the modern knowledge management is currently facing a number of challenges that an efficient system of knowledge sharing can possibly help deal with. Knowledge Management Definitions: What Lurks Behind the Term Knowledge management might seem a very straightforward process that cannot be possibly misinterpreted. Since the KM process involves dealing with knowledge, it must presuppose the strategy of information disposal. The latter, however, involves a plethora of elements and factors, which shape the knowledge management strategy, dictating specific steps to be undertaken. Hence, knowledge management as a phenomenon can be considered from different points of view. Depending on what the focus is, the definition of knowledge management may vary. When the Focus Is on Knowledge Putting the emphasis on the significance of knowledge acquisition, the first and the most comprehensive definition of knowledge management sta tes the purpose of KM as the means to obtain information. However, the given approach towards understanding the principles of KM puts every single agent of the given process in its place, distributing responsibilities among the supposed staff of the supposed organization. KM can be defined as the process of organization management that is aimed at revealing the knowledge base of the given organization (Snyder Wilson, 2000, 527). Therefore, knowledge management can be considered as a means to promote a more efficient knowledge sharing system.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When People Are in the Spotlight Weirdly enough, the definition of knowledge management does not necessarily put information into the spotlight. In some of the definitions, not knowledge, but the knowledge sender and receiver are focused on, which is rather reasonable. Thus, the key function of k nowledge management, which is the transfer of information, is stressed. With the help of such a definition, one can shed some light on the function of knowledge management as a means to establish trustworthy relationships between the employees instead of stating the obvious: â€Å"Knowledge management is about choosing the right practices or tools to efficiently enhance communications among the staff† (Batten, 2008, 86). Therefore, knowledge management can be understood as the set of rules on information sharing that will at the same time reflect the company hierarchy, organization ethics, and culture. Performing several additional functions, such as coordinating the relationships between employees, KM can also serve as a means to change the company’s climate. When the Process Is Important Apart from knowledge functions, the existing definitions of knowledge management also describe the specifics of the process itself. Therefore, KM can be viewed as a series of steps t hat have to be undertaken in order to achieve the goal and distribute information efficiently. Therefore, the following definition can be provided: knowledge management is a process that consists of a set of activities that lead to discovering, capturing, sharing and applying knowledge, so that the goal achievement of the organization could be enhanced in the most efficient way possible (Becerra-Fernandez Gabherval, 2009, 56). That being said, knowledge management could be viewed as a range of actions that must be performed in order to reach a specific goal. When the Goals Are Addressed As it has been shown in the example above, another way to interpret KM is to view it as a tool for achieving specific goals, as well as establishing them. On a basic level, knowledge management serves a purpose of improving the information distribution across the company; therefore, it can be defined as the means to hit a specific target.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Knowledge Management: Practices as Found in Contemporary American Business and Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Though the definition provided by Fernandez and Gabherval does mention the existence of the target in question, they still stress that learning the succession of actions is the key to understanding the principles of knowledge management. Thierauf, however, offers a slightly different approach that shifts the emphasis precisely on the goal of the organization. As Thierauf (1999) explains, knowledge management is not a process, but a system that allows to â€Å"provide competitive advantage by giving decision makers (from the highest level to the lowest level) the necessary insights into patterns and trends that affect their domain† (Thierauf, 1999, 5). In fact, the given statement also correlates with the idea that KM can be used as a means to regulate the relationships between the staff members. To be mo re exact, the given definition suggests that KM can be used as a tool that introduces a specific hierarchy into the organization. Knowledge Management and Competitive Advantage Finally, the effects of efficient knowledge management should be considered as the basis for knowledge management definition. Thus, one will be able to obtain an objective definition of what knowledge management actually is. That being said, knowledge management could be viewed as not only a process, but also a practice and even a culture of creating or gathering, analyzing, distributing and sharing organizational knowledge. In other words, KM can be viewed as a means to enhance the company’s competitive advantage by using the provided information efficiently. According to what Wallace (2007) says, knowledge management can be identified as the process that allows to capture, process and transfer knowledge so that the organization could achieve a greater competitive advantage (Wallace, 2007, 3). Therefo re, it is clear that the definition of knowledge management in a particular case depends on the priorities that a company sets and the goals that it wants to achieve. Modern U.S. Business Sphere and Knowledge Management Practices: An Overview Grown into a massive set of theories with an even greater number of ideas concerning its practical applications, knowledge management seems to have become a cult principle in the present-day business world. Hence a plethora of various types of knowledge management practices, as well as the interpretation of their effects and the discussion of their impact on the organizational ensued.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Taking a closer look at how knowledge management practices are implemented nowadays, one can possibly evaluate their effect, consider their limitations and come up with the suggestions for their possible improvement. Types of Knowledge Management Practices Knowledge management comes in different variations depending on the type of an organization, the specifics of the chosen leadership strategy, the organizational culture, etc. Therefore, one can distinguish a large variety of knowledge management types. However, it is worth noting that of all the possible types, five key knowledge management practices for organizations can be distinguished. According to Gray and Chan, there are typically four types of knowledge management practices distinguished. It is worth noting, however, that the classification below is based on considering a knowledge management practice as a tool for a problem-solving process. Encouraging Serendipity Though the given practice should be viewed as a means of wo rking with individual employees instead of a tool for shaping the knowledge processing stage within the entire team, encouraging serendipity is a crucial element of the knowledge management process nowadays. While it is important to provide a solid basis for the assumptions so that the company could make the right step, it is also necessary to encourage serendipity among the organization members. Often based on a small detail that passed unnoticed yet left an impact on a person, serendipity allows to consider all the existing options and sometimes even provide the option that has never been noticed before. Creating Knowledge Opposed to the process of informing the members of an organization on a specific issue, the process of knowledge creation can also be considered one of the most popular modern business practices. Another important knowledge management practice, creating knowledge is often confused with acquiring knowledge, mostly due to the meaning of the word â€Å"creatingâ⠂¬  as a synonym to â€Å"making.† Knowledge creation, however, does not mean that knowledge is somehow produced; in fact, knowledge creation is the process of transforming tacit knowledge into explicit one, as Nakamori (2012) explains, the entire process presupposes the transformation of individual tacit knowledge into group tacit knowledge, which is then shaped into an individual explicit knowledge and finally becomes an individual tacit knowledge. Raising Awareness The given type of knowledge management practice can also be considered the approach suitable for individuals rather than for shaping the relationships among the entire staff. Aimed at helping every single member of the team recognize a specific problem, the given practice aims at capturing and retaining knowledge rather than sharing and distributing it. At present, such types of knowledge management practices include the creation of databases, analysis of reviews and the lessons learned, etc. Therefore, the giv en approach can be considered as the means to improve the organization memory rather than the method to share a specific bit of information with the rest of the company members. Quiet an efficient tool, though, it should be used along with the rest of the practices mentioned in the given paper. Along, however, the given approach is unlikely to lead a company anywhere. Acquiring Knowledge In contrast to the previous two practices, knowledge creation concerns every single member of the company staff. It is crucial to realize that knowledge must be accessible for every single member of an organization; otherwise, the lack of information will inevitably lead an organization to failure. Therefore, the most important stage in the given process is to provide the access to the information since the very moment the knowledge was acquired. Consequently, it is required that every member of an organization should participate in the process of knowledge acquisition. The given practice is usually used to make the members of an organization closer, as well as increase their awareness of a specific issue. As it has already been mentioned, it would be worn to assume that the types of knowledge management listed above are the only possible options. The choice of a particular type of knowledge management or a combination of types is predetermined by a large number of factors, both interior and exterior ones, which means that, at the end of the day, the right choice of knowledge management strategy depends on a careful evaluation of these factors, as well as the organization’s current goals. Effects of Knowledge Management Practices Knowledge management practices are nowadays considered the key to an organization’s success – or, on the contrary, its complete failure, depending on whether the choice of a specific knowledge management practice was justified by the organization’s goals and assets or not. Apart from the direct influence on the company†™s performance, knowledge management practice also affects the relationships between the members of the staff, shapes the company’s strategy and has a tangible impact on the corporate values. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the extent to which knowledge management influences an organization. KM Practices and Organizational Culture As it has been mentioned above, knowledge management practice is related directly to the organizational culture; moreover, these two elements seem to have an effect on each other, becoming, therefore, mutually dependent. A specific KM practice can affect the organizational culture; in its turn, organizational culture predetermines the choice of a knowledge management practice. KM Nomenclature in Modern U.S. Business Needless to say, since the idea of knowledge management was introduced into the U.S. business, much has been changed, including the manner of classifying the existing types of knowledge management. At present, the following type s of knowledge management can be found in contemporary American business: Internal Knowledge Management Used to improve the organizational performance of the staff, internal knowledge management presupposes the efficient distribution of the information concerning the organization among its members. Knowledge Dissemination Knowledge dissemination involves creating knowledge in order to represent an organization and make it competitive. With the help of the transformations described above, tacit knowledge possessed by a group of people is turned into a tacit knowledge that an individual has concerning a specific issue. As Dalkir (2005) says, â€Å"Dissemination works best when it is an organized activity† (93). Knowledge Brokering Knowledge brokering demands tracking the source of information, evaluating its veracity and value. Hence, the idea of knowledge brokering can be summarized by saying that it means tracing the origin and source of specific information. Thus, an organiz ation can have a better control over the available information, which is another upgrade in the knowledge management practice development. Building Knowledge Capacity Building knowledge capacity means raising the members’ ability to operate the information that is currently at their disposal. Indeed, sometimes searching for the necessary information and the ability to process it fast and efficiently is not enough. It is also required to use the knowledge appropriately, which building knowledge capacity teaches. Knowledge Management in the Global Environment: An Analysis When analyzing the process of knowledge management in an organization, one must keep in mind that modern companies work in the environment on which globalization has taken its toll and, therefore, shapes the process of knowledge management greatly. On the one hand, the fact that information can be accessed much faster and in a much easier way is doubtlessly a benefit. On the other hand, such openness leaves an organization extremely vulnerable towards the external factors, competitors and hackers. Hence, the entire palette of opportunities and threats must be viewed. Capturing Organizational Knowledge: The Threats There is no doubt that the key stage in gathering information is the very start. At this point, such crucial questions as what sources are the most trustworthy, what kind of information is necessary for the given project, where exactly the given information can be found, etc. are solved. Since globalization has shaped the existing information sources considerably, the process of capturing information has become both easier and at the same time more challenging. Retaining Organizational Knowledge: The Challenges What might seem the easiest task often presupposes dealing with the greatest amount of issues, a case in point being the task of retaining information. While keeping organizational knowledge does not presuppose carrying out any specific actions compared to the process of getting information, it is still very painstaking, mostly because of the necessity to have clear links between every bit of information. Accessing Organizational Knowledge: The Methods As soon as the necessary information has been located, obtained and arranged, it is essential to thin through the methods of accessing the given data sets. While in the global environment, accessibility has become the key asset of most information, it is still important to keep in mind that the required data must be secured properly. Using Organizational Knowledge: Winning the Competition The last, but definitely not the least, the stage of putting the stored information to practice has become quite complicated in the realm of global economics and business. Because of high competition rates, it is important to know exactly how, when and where to use the information in question appropriately. The Future of Knowledge Management Though at present, theory of knowledge management seems rather innovative a nd offering brand-new approach, it is quite predictable that the Theory of Knowledge as people know it today is going to be very dated in the next few years. According to the latest information concerning the possible changes that the knowledge management is going to face in the future, it can be assumed that three major innovations are going to be implemented. Anticipatory Delivery of Knowledge Globalization has set the entire world to a completely different pace. Every single process has become times faster, therefore, demanding that organizational operations should also consume as little time as possible. Therefore, it is essential that the members of an organization should be able to develop their anticipatory skills. Anticipating the on-coming information is especially important because of its availability. With the progress of the Internet, information can be obtained within milliseconds, which means that the perceptual speed becomes the decisive point in the competition. Conn ection between People In the world where globalization has taken its toll on the realm of business, it is necessary to understand that members of a specific organization can be miles apart from each other. Therefore, the need to introduce efficient connection between people arises. With the help of the latest technological innovations, the given goal becomes quite attainable. In the light of stiff competition, which most companies face nowadays, the ability to transfer information quickly is worth its weight in gold. Connected Knowledge Being able to gather information and process it quickly is important, yet there is one more crucial element of the process, i.e., putting the pieces of the information together. Facts rarely come in a full package – often one has to search for scraps of data and only then collect them into a whole. Hence the new trend in knowledge management, connected knowledge, comes. Aimed at keeping all the available bits of information so that they could be easily re-arranged if one more bit reinvents the entire perception of the issue in question, the principle of connected knowledge is definitely worth developing further on as a guiding principle of knowledge management in modern U.S. business. Research Findings Summary and Interpretation Judging by the above-mentioned evidence, the key problem of modern knowledge management stems from the total availability of information, which leads to complexities of filtering and evaluating it. In addition, the research has shown that knowledge management practice must be considered in the context of the factors surrounding it. While the modern idea of knowledge management practice can be referred to as a people-focused, it still revolves around a number of other aspects, such as the type of organization, the specifics of the organizational culture, the leadership style of the head of the company, the size of the organization, etc. However, the focus of the knowledge management practice still seems to be on people rather than on anything else. Because of the influence that globalization has on organizations nowadays, it is important to make sure that every single member of the organization or its affiliate, no matter in what remote corner of the Earth it might be located, should know about the latest changes in the company information to deliver adequate performance. Therefore, the focus on people, which most present-day organizations prefer to the rest of the approaches, seems more than reasonable. It is noteworthy, however, that the current knowledge management practices display two diametrically opposite tendencies, i.e., the tendency to focus on an individual as opposed to the focus on the team. Logically, for the successful implementation of the company goals, both techniques must be applied; the priority, however, depends on the specifics of information distribution within a company. Conclusion: Paving the Road to Better Knowledge Management Although the theory of knowledge management is relatively new, it has already grown into a huge set of concepts, building up to the introduction of the KM concept in the globalized environment and providing the foil for the development of new theories. Incorporating the previous experience with the new ideas, one can possibly come up with a perfect strategy for knowledge management; however, the problem is that the given suggestion will only last for as long as the environment in which it was created will. Therefore, the basic goal for the knowledge management theorists at present is not to suggest a perfect knowledge management strategy, but to make sure that the current strategy is being constantly updated according to the latest changes in the data. Thus, one can rest assured that the organization will keep running for quite a while. Reference List Becerra-Fernandez, I. Gabherval, R. (2009). Knowledge management: Systems and processes. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe. Dalkir, K. (2005). Knowledge management in theory and practice. Burlington, MA: Elsevier Butterworth–Heinemann. Nakamori, Y. (2012). Knowledge science: Modeling the knowledge creation process. Broken Sound Parkway, NW: CRC Press. Snyder, C. A. Wilson, L. T. (2000). Implementing knowledge management: Issues for managers. In Information Resources Management Association International Conference (Ed.), Challenges of information technology management in the 21st century: [Proceedings of The] 2000 Information Resources Management Association – International Conference, Anchorage, Alaska, USA, May 21-24, 2000. Hershey, PA: Idea Group Publishing. Thierauf, R. J. (1999). Knowledge management systems for business. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. Wallace, D. P. (2007). Knowledge management: Historical and cross-disciplinary themes. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. This research paper on Knowledge Management: Practices as Found in Contemporary American Business and Management was written and submitted by user Zackery Acosta to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Essay on Environmentally Friendly Technologies Essay Example

Essay on Environmentally Friendly Technologies Essay Example Essay on Environmentally Friendly Technologies Paper Essay on Environmentally Friendly Technologies Paper Essay Topic: Renewable energy Since the stakes are high as far as environmental degradation and global warming are concerned motor sport companies should devote their energies to come up with motor sport vehicles that observe safety and environmental technologies. Top tier motor sports such as Formulae one should be encouraged to install solar powered engines in their new models because the amount of pollution biz a biz global warming has reached an alarming level. The worlds highest efficiency solar cells are made from silicon and will enable an echo friendly vehicle to move at the same speed as the one that is using fuel. This will not only save on fuel costs but curtails pollution as well. (McKenna, 150-160) Discourse Its prudent that manufacturers of motor sport vehicles come up with models hat have a fuel economy of or below to ensure that we live in a cleaner environment as we try to solve a problem that is already with us. As a matter of fact diesel engines that are clean have attracted the same attention being given to engines that are environmentally friendly in Europe since they release few emissions of carbon dioxide to the environment and at the same time when compared to gasoline oil they have a better fuel economy. Stern, 140-147) The manufacture of Motor sports cars, their activities, facilities and events have an impact on the environment. Impacts on environmental diversity, energy consumption, waste use, air pollution, waste disposal and emission of green house gases are crucial issues that the motor sporting fraternity needs to address as a matter of urgency. Instead of using the popul arity of the sport to further degrade the environment they should use it to spread awareness on the importance of using echo friendly technologies in not just motor sports but all other vehicles. Because of the danger those future generations are exposed to due to global warming and pollution that has now reached alarming levels this paper argues that governments should encourage the use and purchase of hybrid icicles recognized by environmental bodies as well as the government as environmental friendly and fuel efficient in all kinds of motor sports. Tighter controls should be enacted as far as vehicle usage and purchase are concerned so that vehicles for motor sports are not acquired through proxy. Some of the environmental friendly vehicles in the world today include Bethink an echo friendly car produced by the University of Cambridge Echo racing team (CURE). This one of a kind vehicle has already competed in a world major championship the World Solar Challenge that was held in Australia in 2009 and it didnt disappoint. They provided the UK best mark in an endurance race that takes up to smoke across the outback. They attained this while competing against corporate and university teams across the globe. Yet some of these teams had a $1 million budget. By having an uncompromising approach to performance and efficiency they came up with a vehicle that is capable of moving at MPH with a power that is equal to that of a hair dyer. This elegant vehicle has 6 meters square of silicon solar cells which are the worlds most efficient cells. Electrical efficiency,aerodynamics,rolling resistance and weight have been put together to come up with a vehicle that uses almost fifty times less power that a petrol car would use yet has an infinite range of potential. Regional, 179-186) Simulation and extensive modeling with the aid of computers should aid motor sports car manufacturers in coming up with excellent output of ultra efficient electric sport motor vehicles. RSI also crucial to comprehend that these experienced technologies for motor sports will not derail the gains made by the motor sporting fraternity over the years rather they will increase not only their efficiency but their speed as w ell while at the same time conserve the environment for future generations. As much as most motor sports companies have decided to go green the decision to ensure the environment is conserved largely depends on the drivers themselves. Some of the echo friendly techniques that motor sports drivers are encouraged to uphold to ensure environmental degradation is utterly reduced include; anticipatory breaking where the driver uses less energy in breaking by breaking earlier thus using less force, smooth acceleration, correct gear usage and smooth cornering. Motor sport drivers should not just embrace echo friendly technologies of racing they should also try out bio fuels to reduce the amount of carbon emissions to the environment. As a matter Of fact the Motor races are now being used as a platform to showcase to the world super performing vehicles that use alternative fuel. With the soaring costs of fuel going green for many motor sport drivers is a blessing in disguise for life is not just about winning races but after the races comes other demanding tasks. The urge for motor sports to become experienced was an idea borne due to he enthusiasm for smart driving. As a matter of fact most of the advocates of echo friendly driving are previous career motor sports drivers themselves who have won many races and accolades. While others are still competing. Echo friendly driving shouldnt be taken as a matter of slow driving rather it should be viewed as situational efficiency and awareness. Echo friendly technologies provide smart solutions for sustainable driving. It gives motor sport drivers ways of adapting their driving skills to greatly reduce the amount of fuel consumed by their vehicles. Echo friendly driving wont just help motor sport drivers but individual drivers and their families as well to reduce Carbon dioxide emissions and the amount of fuel consumed by their cars while at the same time ensure they enjoy their driving as they do it safely. Its factual that there is a trend globally toward future sustainability and everyone is now drifting towards experienced activities, products and services. Stern, 140-147) Corporations, Individuals and Local governments have recognized the need for future generations sustainability for there is a common realization that everyone needs to be involved in reducing the impact of environmental degradation for almost everyone plays a role in its pollution. The transition to a greener life is thus not a request but a matter of life and death. Lung cancer, Asthma and other respiratory allergies now aff ect most of the world population and the time to change this trend is not today but yesterday since time is not on our side for we are now running against a ticking time bomb that is about to explode. Ecological friendly programs should be introduced to teach motor sports drivers on how they can increase sustainability of the environment through deduction of carbon emissions by use of high fuel economies in their vehicles while ensuring a safe drive. Therefore all people can have their input in operating in a sustainable way through implementing technologies that lead to reduction of waste and efficient use of energy. This is so because improving the value of oxygen we inhale is a matter of top priority all over the globe. As much as bio fuels are the best way of reducing ecological degradation skeptics argue that they equally pose a threat to the environment. The question that these skeptics should answer is whether Befouls generally are DOD or bad for this generation and the environment as a whole. Global food crisis experienced in the recent past coupled with the extreme plummeting of grain stocks globally not to mention the extraordinary rise in prices has highlighted critical issues of policy as especially as far as the most vulnerable third world countries are concerned. The issue of concern here is as to whether the production of befouls is of any economic significance in regard to the interpretation of food security to these countries. Most third world countries like the Philippines promote befoul production not just to taiga its populations against the soaring global prices of fuel but also to provide alternative sources of fuel to its rural poor. There is a stark reality that the earths natural fuels are running out. This has lead to the invention of befouls. Renewable fuel sources are thus the best way for this generation to go since natural coal a dangerous pollutant is expiring sooner rather than later. Faced with this inevitability the first generation of Bio fuels was introduced in the globe through the use of food crops as the source of biomass which Was planted and developed into fuel. The negative impacts of this practice have started showing up this is because in some countries where this has been implemented large tracks of rain forests have been cleared resulting to the negative perception of bio fuels as a whole yet these are just isolated cases of Befoul production mismanagement. In any case this mismanagement is actually related to the first generation of Befouls and so the second generation shouldnt be pulled into this. (Resonant, 130-140) The second generation of Bio fuels is not derived from food crops rather it Uses their waste. For instance Celluloses Bio ethanol fuel is produced from waste wood found in forests that are placed in a processing plant that consists of cutting edges that break it into ethanol fuel and other products. Celluloses is a term that depicts the source of the fuel I. E. Ethanol in this case cellulose which forms a structural component of most green plants making up 50% of wood. In addition the Bio fuel industry is already working on the third and fourth generation to provide more sustainable sources of Befouls so as to provide a more viable and ecologically friendly alternative to the lobar fuel shortage tribulations. (Regional, 179-186) This process therefore doesnt have room for any grain crops to be grown to produce fuel thus e liminating the food verses fuel debate that was against the introduction of Befouls. In addition no rain forests need to be destroyed to provide Befouls since the raw materials are exclusively gotten from waste wood made up of dead trees, debris and brush. The advantage with the Bio fuels is that they have very low carbon emissions. In addition house hold waste is also being used to produce non pollutant fuel. Befoul is not just echo friendly rather it has an added advantage of being used in motor sports to increase the speed without any side effects.

Essay on Environmentally Friendly Technologies Essay Example

Essay on Environmentally Friendly Technologies Essay Example Essay on Environmentally Friendly Technologies Paper Essay on Environmentally Friendly Technologies Paper Essay Topic: Renewable energy Since the stakes are high as far as environmental degradation and global warming are concerned motor sport companies should devote their energies to come up with motor sport vehicles that observe safety and environmental technologies. Top tier motor sports such as Formulae one should be encouraged to install solar powered engines in their new models because the amount of pollution biz a biz global warming has reached an alarming level. The worlds highest efficiency solar cells are made from silicon and will enable an echo friendly vehicle to move at the same speed as the one that is using fuel. This will not only save on fuel costs but curtails pollution as well. (McKenna, 150-160) Discourse Its prudent that manufacturers of motor sport vehicles come up with models hat have a fuel economy of or below to ensure that we live in a cleaner environment as we try to solve a problem that is already with us. As a matter of fact diesel engines that are clean have attracted the same attention being given to engines that are environmentally friendly in Europe since they release few emissions of carbon dioxide to the environment and at the same time when compared to gasoline oil they have a better fuel economy. Stern, 140-147) The manufacture of Motor sports cars, their activities, facilities and events have an impact on the environment. Impacts on environmental diversity, energy consumption, waste use, air pollution, waste disposal and emission of green house gases are crucial issues that the motor sporting fraternity needs to address as a matter of urgency. Instead of using the popul arity of the sport to further degrade the environment they should use it to spread awareness on the importance of using echo friendly technologies in not just motor sports but all other vehicles. Because of the danger those future generations are exposed to due to global warming and pollution that has now reached alarming levels this paper argues that governments should encourage the use and purchase of hybrid icicles recognized by environmental bodies as well as the government as environmental friendly and fuel efficient in all kinds of motor sports. Tighter controls should be enacted as far as vehicle usage and purchase are concerned so that vehicles for motor sports are not acquired through proxy. Some of the environmental friendly vehicles in the world today include Bethink an echo friendly car produced by the University of Cambridge Echo racing team (CURE). This one of a kind vehicle has already competed in a world major championship the World Solar Challenge that was held in Australia in 2009 and it didnt disappoint. They provided the UK best mark in an endurance race that takes up to smoke across the outback. They attained this while competing against corporate and university teams across the globe. Yet some of these teams had a $1 million budget. By having an uncompromising approach to performance and efficiency they came up with a vehicle that is capable of moving at MPH with a power that is equal to that of a hair dyer. This elegant vehicle has 6 meters square of silicon solar cells which are the worlds most efficient cells. Electrical efficiency,aerodynamics,rolling resistance and weight have been put together to come up with a vehicle that uses almost fifty times less power that a petrol car would use yet has an infinite range of potential. Regional, 179-186) Simulation and extensive modeling with the aid of computers should aid motor sports car manufacturers in coming up with excellent output of ultra efficient electric sport motor vehicles. RSI also crucial to comprehend that these experienced technologies for motor sports will not derail the gains made by the motor sporting fraternity over the years rather they will increase not only their efficiency but their speed as w ell while at the same time conserve the environment for future generations. As much as most motor sports companies have decided to go green the decision to ensure the environment is conserved largely depends on the drivers themselves. Some of the echo friendly techniques that motor sports drivers are encouraged to uphold to ensure environmental degradation is utterly reduced include; anticipatory breaking where the driver uses less energy in breaking by breaking earlier thus using less force, smooth acceleration, correct gear usage and smooth cornering. Motor sport drivers should not just embrace echo friendly technologies of racing they should also try out bio fuels to reduce the amount of carbon emissions to the environment. As a matter Of fact the Motor races are now being used as a platform to showcase to the world super performing vehicles that use alternative fuel. With the soaring costs of fuel going green for many motor sport drivers is a blessing in disguise for life is not just about winning races but after the races comes other demanding tasks. The urge for motor sports to become experienced was an idea borne due to he enthusiasm for smart driving. As a matter of fact most of the advocates of echo friendly driving are previous career motor sports drivers themselves who have won many races and accolades. While others are still competing. Echo friendly driving shouldnt be taken as a matter of slow driving rather it should be viewed as situational efficiency and awareness. Echo friendly technologies provide smart solutions for sustainable driving. It gives motor sport drivers ways of adapting their driving skills to greatly reduce the amount of fuel consumed by their vehicles. Echo friendly driving wont just help motor sport drivers but individual drivers and their families as well to reduce Carbon dioxide emissions and the amount of fuel consumed by their cars while at the same time ensure they enjoy their driving as they do it safely. Its factual that there is a trend globally toward future sustainability and everyone is now drifting towards experienced activities, products and services. Stern, 140-147) Corporations, Individuals and Local governments have recognized the need for future generations sustainability for there is a common realization that everyone needs to be involved in reducing the impact of environmental degradation for almost everyone plays a role in its pollution. The transition to a greener life is thus not a request but a matter of life and death. Lung cancer, Asthma and other respiratory allergies now aff ect most of the world population and the time to change this trend is not today but yesterday since time is not on our side for we are now running against a ticking time bomb that is about to explode. Ecological friendly programs should be introduced to teach motor sports drivers on how they can increase sustainability of the environment through deduction of carbon emissions by use of high fuel economies in their vehicles while ensuring a safe drive. Therefore all people can have their input in operating in a sustainable way through implementing technologies that lead to reduction of waste and efficient use of energy. This is so because improving the value of oxygen we inhale is a matter of top priority all over the globe. As much as bio fuels are the best way of reducing ecological degradation skeptics argue that they equally pose a threat to the environment. The question that these skeptics should answer is whether Befouls generally are DOD or bad for this generation and the environment as a whole. Global food crisis experienced in the recent past coupled with the extreme plummeting of grain stocks globally not to mention the extraordinary rise in prices has highlighted critical issues of policy as especially as far as the most vulnerable third world countries are concerned. The issue of concern here is as to whether the production of befouls is of any economic significance in regard to the interpretation of food security to these countries. Most third world countries like the Philippines promote befoul production not just to taiga its populations against the soaring global prices of fuel but also to provide alternative sources of fuel to its rural poor. There is a stark reality that the earths natural fuels are running out. This has lead to the invention of befouls. Renewable fuel sources are thus the best way for this generation to go since natural coal a dangerous pollutant is expiring sooner rather than later. Faced with this inevitability the first generation of Bio fuels was introduced in the globe through the use of food crops as the source of biomass which Was planted and developed into fuel. The negative impacts of this practice have started showing up this is because in some countries where this has been implemented large tracks of rain forests have been cleared resulting to the negative perception of bio fuels as a whole yet these are just isolated cases of Befoul production mismanagement. In any case this mismanagement is actually related to the first generation of Befouls and so the second generation shouldnt be pulled into this. (Resonant, 130-140) The second generation of Bio fuels is not derived from food crops rather it Uses their waste. For instance Celluloses Bio ethanol fuel is produced from waste wood found in forests that are placed in a processing plant that consists of cutting edges that break it into ethanol fuel and other products. Celluloses is a term that depicts the source of the fuel I. E. Ethanol in this case cellulose which forms a structural component of most green plants making up 50% of wood. In addition the Bio fuel industry is already working on the third and fourth generation to provide more sustainable sources of Befouls so as to provide a more viable and ecologically friendly alternative to the lobar fuel shortage tribulations. (Regional, 179-186) This process therefore doesnt have room for any grain crops to be grown to produce fuel thus e liminating the food verses fuel debate that was against the introduction of Befouls. In addition no rain forests need to be destroyed to provide Befouls since the raw materials are exclusively gotten from waste wood made up of dead trees, debris and brush. The advantage with the Bio fuels is that they have very low carbon emissions. In addition house hold waste is also being used to produce non pollutant fuel. Befoul is not just echo friendly rather it has an added advantage of being used in motor sports to increase the speed without any side effects.

Essay on Environmentally Friendly Technologies Essay Example

Essay on Environmentally Friendly Technologies Essay Example Essay on Environmentally Friendly Technologies Paper Essay on Environmentally Friendly Technologies Paper Essay Topic: Renewable energy Since the stakes are high as far as environmental degradation and global warming are concerned motor sport companies should devote their energies to come up with motor sport vehicles that observe safety and environmental technologies. Top tier motor sports such as Formulae one should be encouraged to install solar powered engines in their new models because the amount of pollution biz a biz global warming has reached an alarming level. The worlds highest efficiency solar cells are made from silicon and will enable an echo friendly vehicle to move at the same speed as the one that is using fuel. This will not only save on fuel costs but curtails pollution as well. (McKenna, 150-160) Discourse Its prudent that manufacturers of motor sport vehicles come up with models hat have a fuel economy of or below to ensure that we live in a cleaner environment as we try to solve a problem that is already with us. As a matter of fact diesel engines that are clean have attracted the same attention being given to engines that are environmentally friendly in Europe since they release few emissions of carbon dioxide to the environment and at the same time when compared to gasoline oil they have a better fuel economy. Stern, 140-147) The manufacture of Motor sports cars, their activities, facilities and events have an impact on the environment. Impacts on environmental diversity, energy consumption, waste use, air pollution, waste disposal and emission of green house gases are crucial issues that the motor sporting fraternity needs to address as a matter of urgency. Instead of using the popul arity of the sport to further degrade the environment they should use it to spread awareness on the importance of using echo friendly technologies in not just motor sports but all other vehicles. Because of the danger those future generations are exposed to due to global warming and pollution that has now reached alarming levels this paper argues that governments should encourage the use and purchase of hybrid icicles recognized by environmental bodies as well as the government as environmental friendly and fuel efficient in all kinds of motor sports. Tighter controls should be enacted as far as vehicle usage and purchase are concerned so that vehicles for motor sports are not acquired through proxy. Some of the environmental friendly vehicles in the world today include Bethink an echo friendly car produced by the University of Cambridge Echo racing team (CURE). This one of a kind vehicle has already competed in a world major championship the World Solar Challenge that was held in Australia in 2009 and it didnt disappoint. They provided the UK best mark in an endurance race that takes up to smoke across the outback. They attained this while competing against corporate and university teams across the globe. Yet some of these teams had a $1 million budget. By having an uncompromising approach to performance and efficiency they came up with a vehicle that is capable of moving at MPH with a power that is equal to that of a hair dyer. This elegant vehicle has 6 meters square of silicon solar cells which are the worlds most efficient cells. Electrical efficiency,aerodynamics,rolling resistance and weight have been put together to come up with a vehicle that uses almost fifty times less power that a petrol car would use yet has an infinite range of potential. Regional, 179-186) Simulation and extensive modeling with the aid of computers should aid motor sports car manufacturers in coming up with excellent output of ultra efficient electric sport motor vehicles. RSI also crucial to comprehend that these experienced technologies for motor sports will not derail the gains made by the motor sporting fraternity over the years rather they will increase not only their efficiency but their speed as w ell while at the same time conserve the environment for future generations. As much as most motor sports companies have decided to go green the decision to ensure the environment is conserved largely depends on the drivers themselves. Some of the echo friendly techniques that motor sports drivers are encouraged to uphold to ensure environmental degradation is utterly reduced include; anticipatory breaking where the driver uses less energy in breaking by breaking earlier thus using less force, smooth acceleration, correct gear usage and smooth cornering. Motor sport drivers should not just embrace echo friendly technologies of racing they should also try out bio fuels to reduce the amount of carbon emissions to the environment. As a matter Of fact the Motor races are now being used as a platform to showcase to the world super performing vehicles that use alternative fuel. With the soaring costs of fuel going green for many motor sport drivers is a blessing in disguise for life is not just about winning races but after the races comes other demanding tasks. The urge for motor sports to become experienced was an idea borne due to he enthusiasm for smart driving. As a matter of fact most of the advocates of echo friendly driving are previous career motor sports drivers themselves who have won many races and accolades. While others are still competing. Echo friendly driving shouldnt be taken as a matter of slow driving rather it should be viewed as situational efficiency and awareness. Echo friendly technologies provide smart solutions for sustainable driving. It gives motor sport drivers ways of adapting their driving skills to greatly reduce the amount of fuel consumed by their vehicles. Echo friendly driving wont just help motor sport drivers but individual drivers and their families as well to reduce Carbon dioxide emissions and the amount of fuel consumed by their cars while at the same time ensure they enjoy their driving as they do it safely. Its factual that there is a trend globally toward future sustainability and everyone is now drifting towards experienced activities, products and services. Stern, 140-147) Corporations, Individuals and Local governments have recognized the need for future generations sustainability for there is a common realization that everyone needs to be involved in reducing the impact of environmental degradation for almost everyone plays a role in its pollution. The transition to a greener life is thus not a request but a matter of life and death. Lung cancer, Asthma and other respiratory allergies now aff ect most of the world population and the time to change this trend is not today but yesterday since time is not on our side for we are now running against a ticking time bomb that is about to explode. Ecological friendly programs should be introduced to teach motor sports drivers on how they can increase sustainability of the environment through deduction of carbon emissions by use of high fuel economies in their vehicles while ensuring a safe drive. Therefore all people can have their input in operating in a sustainable way through implementing technologies that lead to reduction of waste and efficient use of energy. This is so because improving the value of oxygen we inhale is a matter of top priority all over the globe. As much as bio fuels are the best way of reducing ecological degradation skeptics argue that they equally pose a threat to the environment. The question that these skeptics should answer is whether Befouls generally are DOD or bad for this generation and the environment as a whole. Global food crisis experienced in the recent past coupled with the extreme plummeting of grain stocks globally not to mention the extraordinary rise in prices has highlighted critical issues of policy as especially as far as the most vulnerable third world countries are concerned. The issue of concern here is as to whether the production of befouls is of any economic significance in regard to the interpretation of food security to these countries. Most third world countries like the Philippines promote befoul production not just to taiga its populations against the soaring global prices of fuel but also to provide alternative sources of fuel to its rural poor. There is a stark reality that the earths natural fuels are running out. This has lead to the invention of befouls. Renewable fuel sources are thus the best way for this generation to go since natural coal a dangerous pollutant is expiring sooner rather than later. Faced with this inevitability the first generation of Bio fuels was introduced in the globe through the use of food crops as the source of biomass which Was planted and developed into fuel. The negative impacts of this practice have started showing up this is because in some countries where this has been implemented large tracks of rain forests have been cleared resulting to the negative perception of bio fuels as a whole yet these are just isolated cases of Befoul production mismanagement. In any case this mismanagement is actually related to the first generation of Befouls and so the second generation shouldnt be pulled into this. (Resonant, 130-140) The second generation of Bio fuels is not derived from food crops rather it Uses their waste. For instance Celluloses Bio ethanol fuel is produced from waste wood found in forests that are placed in a processing plant that consists of cutting edges that break it into ethanol fuel and other products. Celluloses is a term that depicts the source of the fuel I. E. Ethanol in this case cellulose which forms a structural component of most green plants making up 50% of wood. In addition the Bio fuel industry is already working on the third and fourth generation to provide more sustainable sources of Befouls so as to provide a more viable and ecologically friendly alternative to the lobar fuel shortage tribulations. (Regional, 179-186) This process therefore doesnt have room for any grain crops to be grown to produce fuel thus e liminating the food verses fuel debate that was against the introduction of Befouls. In addition no rain forests need to be destroyed to provide Befouls since the raw materials are exclusively gotten from waste wood made up of dead trees, debris and brush. The advantage with the Bio fuels is that they have very low carbon emissions. In addition house hold waste is also being used to produce non pollutant fuel. Befoul is not just echo friendly rather it has an added advantage of being used in motor sports to increase the speed without any side effects.

12 Good Friday Quotes

12 Good Friday Quotes Good Friday is the day Christians commemorate the crucifixion of Jesus Christ and the triumph of good over evil. It is a day to reflect on spiritual thoughts, the Bible, and the meaning of sacrifice and salvation. These Good Friday quotes explore the meaning of the day. Bible, 1 Peter 2:24 Who his own self-bare our sins in his own body on the tree, that we, being dead to sins, should live unto righteousness: by whose stripes ye were healed. John Ellerton Take with you the joy of Easter to the home, and make that home bright with more unselfish love, more hearty service; take it into your work, and do all in the name of the Lord Jesus; take it to your heart, and let that heart rise anew on Easter wings to a higher, a gladder, a fuller life; take it to the dear grave-side and say there the two words Jesus lives! and find in them the secret of calm expectation, the hope of eternal reunion. Charles Wesley Jesus Christ is risen today, Alleluia! Our triumphant holy day, Alleluia! Who did once upon the cross, Alleluia! Suffer to redeem our loss. Alleluia! Madame Anne Sophie Swetchine Death is the justification of all the ways of the Christian, the last end of all his sacrifices, the touch of the Great Master which completes the picture. Augustus William Hare The cross was two pieces of dead wood; and a helpless, unresisting Man was nailed to it; yet it was mightier than the world, and triumphed, and will ever triumph over it. Thomas De Witt Talmage We see that brow bruised; we hear that dying groan; and while the priests scoff and the Devils rave and the lightning of Gods wrath are twisted into a wreath for that bloody mount, you and I will join the cry, the supplication, of the penitent malefactor, Lord, remember me when thou comest into thy kingdom. Martin Luther Our Lord has written the promise of the resurrection, not in books alone but in every leaf in springtime. At Sussen, the Devil carried off, last Good Friday, three grooms who had devoted themselves to him. Bible, Isaiah 52:13 See, my servant shall prosper, he shall be raised high and greatly exalted. Bible, John 11:25-26 Jesus said to her, I am the resurrection and the life. He who believes in me will live, even though he dies; and whoever lives and believes in me will never die. Frederic William Farrar By the cross, we, too, are crucified with Christ; but alive in Christ. We are no more rebels, but servants; no more servants, but sons! Let it be counted folly, says Hooker, or fury, or frenzy, or whatever else; it is our wisdom and our comfort. We care for no knowledge in the world but this, that man hath sinned, and that God hath suffered; that God has made Himself the Son of Man, and that men are made the righteousness of God. Phillips Brooks We may say that on the first Good Friday afternoon was completed that great act by which light conquered darkness and goodness conquered sin. That is the wonder of our Saviour’s crucifixion. There have been victories all over the world, but wherever we look for the victor we expect to find him with his heel upon the neck of the vanquished. The wonder of Good Friday is that the victor lies vanquished by the vanquished one. We have to look deeper into the very heart and essence of things before we can see how real the victory is that thus hides under the guise of defeat.

1929 America crisis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

1929 America crisis - Research Paper Example In this paper, I will start with an overview of the great depression. I will also look through the causes that have been considered to lie in the base of the American crisis of 1929. Finally, I will also dwell on social and economic effects of the great depression on America and conclude by looking through the end of the Great depression in America (Burg 90). OVERVIEW OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION The years preceding the Great Depression were marked by economic recovery evidenced by a rise in stock prices in 1928. The situation of trade in the preceding year also greatly mushroomed, and Americans were so engrossed in their economic prosperity that it became very easy for an individual to access a credit. The signs of a fluctuating economic situation became noticeable in the autumn of 1929, and the crisis was a surprise and a major blow to those who were caught unaware. This was followed by several activities by financial movers to save the economy: it is on Tuesday in October 1929 that 16 million of stock shares were directly traded, and the industrial index declined by the amazing 10%. Within the period that followed, shares of stock continued to lose their value at more than a half. It is these events that marked the official beginning of the American crisis of 1929 (Watkins 67). CAUSES OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION IN THE USA ... In the period of 1928 and 1929, however, the value of the shares of stock grew to so much higher levels than the value of the companies they represented that this resulted into an inappropriate situation where the companies could not meet up with the value of their stock shares (Fearnow 89). Another major cause of the Great depression in America was the behavior of Americans who used to buy on credit which was on the rise in the 1920s. This was a period of a marked economic boom, and this placed people in a situation of less thought and care about their future. There was a lot of installment buying where many people bought cars and electronics of high value which did not match the money they had in the possession or in savings. The availability of installment buying encouraged so many people to buy things on credit that when the stock market came to a crash, many people were left with huge debts to settle. This was followed by many people losing their jobs, and it became virtually im possible to settle their highly accumulated debts (Kupperberg 98). The supply and demand situation also played a great role in contributing to the start and lengthening of the Great Depression in America. During the period of economic prosperity in the 1920s, the American manufacturing industries and agricultural sectors produced large quantities of goods and services. This resulted in the market acting up with an increase in prices which was not marked by the adjustment in American workers’ wages which remained constant, but the workers had no more to keep up with the soaring prices, therefore, they stopped buying the goods and services. Factories, however, did not adjust their

Human Agency is at the Root of Climate Change and Global Warming Research Paper

Human Agency is at the Root of Climate Change and Global Warming - Research Paper Example This has resulted in an unprecedented rate of global warming that has been the fastest in the past two millennia. The earth receives energy from the sun in the visible and ultra violet radiation bands. Around 33% of the incident solar radiation is reflected by the earth’s surface into space. The remaining portion of the solar radiation is principally absorbed by the land and oceans. This absorbed solar radiation increases the temperature of the earth’s surface, which emits the excess heat as infrared radiation (Maslin, 2007, p. 9). A portion of this infrared radiation is retained by greenhouse gases, and this leads to the warming of the atmosphere. The principal greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, water vapour, ozone, methane and nitrous oxide. These gases, in combination, result in a greenhouse effect that warms the earth (Maslin, 2007, p. 9). Global warming and climate change are the handiwork of humans. This has been reiterated by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which has stated in no uncertain terms that human activity and not changes in solar activity, is the real culprit responsible for global warming (Jones, 2012, p. 32). During the period from the year 2005 to the year 2010, solar activity had been very less. Nevertheless, NASA discovered that the earth had absorbed much more energy than it had reflected or radiated back into space. Whilst arriving at this conclusion, this organisation had engaged in complex calculations relating to the energy imbalance of the earth.

Company overview of Tata Motors Limited

Company overview of Tata Motors Limited Tata Motors Limited was founded in 1945 and it is the most successful automobile manufacturing company in India. With Tata Group as its parent company and Ratan Tata as its CEO, Tata Motors has sold almost 6 million vehicles nationally since their first launch in 1954 (Tata Motors, 2010). In expanding their business internationally, Tata Motors has proven that they are qualified as another competitor in automobile industry. Their products are commercial vehicles like buses and trucks, and also passenger cars like Tata Sierra, Tata Estate, Tata India, Tata Nano, Tata Xenon, etc. The company revenue was Rs. 27, 055.57 crores in June 2010 (Tata Motors, 2010). In India, Tata has operations in Jamshedpur, Pune, Lucknow, Patnagar, and Dharwad. Tata Motors was listed in New York Stock Exchange in 2004, followed by open their operations in UK, South Korea, and Spain (Tata Motors, 2010). In 2004, Tata Motors joint venture with Daewoo Commercial Vehicles Company from South Korea and formed Tata Daewoo. Continue one year later they bought Hispano Carrocera, a Spain company and also in 2008, they bought Jaguar and Land Rover from Ford, a UK based automobile company (Tata Motors, 2010). Macro Environment Analysis of the Company In analyzing macro environment of Tata Motors, it is crucial to know the main factors that influence the company when entering business to another country. Political, Economic, Social, and Technological (PEST) analysis is used to dig deeper some external factors which affect business in macro environment. With 4 perspectives in PEST analysis, it will help us to know the host market condition, possible growth, opportunities, decision making, and important steps (Lawson, 2006). III.1. Political-Legal Political is about the condition of politic and security in the domestic market which influence daily activity, including business. Legal is about the bureaucracy or regulation that should be fulfilled when we want to open a business. This is also an important factor because without obeying laws, rules, and regulation in the country, it is almost impossible to establish market there. Tata Motors was established in India, so Tata Motors has to concern on laws, rules, regulation, and political stability in India. But since Tata Motors has many subsidiaries in many countries, Tata Motors has to obey the host countrys laws also. In 2008, Tata Motors bought over Land Rover and Jaguar from Ford Motor. Since then, Tata also has to concern on the UK laws and regulation (Carty, 2008). Moreover, as the first company to be listed in New York Stock Exchange, Tata Motors also has to concern on US politics.. Generally, the political factor in the companys macro environment such as: tax policy, government regulations, and laws. It is famous that India is one of the countries which have a complicated bureaucracy, this is one of the obstacles if establishing business there (Sastry, 2005). Political unstable such as wars or conflicts also cause inflation and may affect oil price in one country. High inflation cause the government has to rise up prices, and oil price is the common price to get raised. And it is automatically the higher price of oil will affect the sales of cars (Wardell, et al., 2008). There were some political conflicts which were faced by Tata Motors recently. In their official website, stated that Ratan Tata (Tata Motors CEO) faced difficulties when he wanted to lauch Tata Nano. They have to deal with some emission norms and regulations in order to produce the cars (Tata Motors, 2010). As been reported on Bloomberg Businessweek in 2008, there was conflicts happened between two political parties when Tata Motors wanted to established their factory in Singur (India) and some protests from the local farmer. The conflict was about the agricultural land which Tata used to build the factory. Finally, Tata Motors had to relocate their factory and lost $100 million for relocation cost and over $ 300 million for investment (Banerjee and Guha, 2010). This problem is to prove that how stable the political situation of the country plays an important role in the companys macro environment. III.2. Economical The condition of economy in recent time or in the future can influence the growth and strategy of the company. This is very important because Tata Motors is a multinational company. Tata Motors has to understand the trend of economic growth in every single country that they do business with. This factor tells about the economical factor that surrounding the company such as: economy fluctuation, monetary and fiscal policy, government spending, unemployment level, interest rate, exchange rate, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, etc. In the domestic market, Tata Motors has to pay attention to the economic condition of India. India is a developing country with GDP per capita = $ 3,200 and $ 3.68 trillion national purchasing power (CIA, 2009). As been affected by the depression of global economic, Indias automobile industry also has to bear the consequences. The increase of material price forced Tata Motors to increase its truck price of 3.5% which lead to decrease in demand (Mapsofindia, 2010). In the international market, Tata Motors aims more to developing countries and middle-class family (Peacock, 2008). Each and every country has their own exchange rate or currency and it keep on changing every time. So for being a multinational company, Tata Motors has to concern in any changing of countries currency, especially US Dollar because Tata Motors also listed in New York Stock Exchange (NYSE, 2010). Inflation is also one of the factors, because it affects the interest rate for doing investment in a country (Russell, 2006). The increase or decrease of Inflation, will lead to a lower or higher interest rate. Looking deep to the economical macro environment may help Tata Motors in price setting, demand, cost, and decisional making in the company. III.3. Socio-Cultural Socio-cultural is focus on the attitude of consumer and employee which also affect the strategy. Strategy planning must follow the development of educational level and social assessment in order to see the influence toward the strategy. Some of the factors are: income distribution, attitude, education, health and wellness, changing life style, and demography. Tata Motors must realize the type of customers in India as its domestic market. The attitude and life style of those customers affect the demand for Tata Motors which also influence its decisional making (Tata Motors, 2009). Indian people are careful with their spending. They do not want to buy thing which is not worth it (Sharma, 2010). They are also usually educated and easy access to information. So, Tata Motors has to look at local perspective to market their product (Deoras, n. d.). Besides that, in doing business in 26 countries with 26 different cultures in each country, Tata Motors has to understand and apply different strategy. For example: Tata Motors cannot apply Indian culture to United Kingdom when they purchased Land Rover and Jaguar from Ford (a UK based company), because each place has their unique demographic. Another example would be: When marketing their product, Tata Motors must know the local demand. India for example, they have pretty low GDP per capita and most of the people prefer small car (Alvares, 2010). So, Tata Nano (one of Tata Motors product, a small car with $2500 price and the world cheapest car) seems fit into the market (Nussbaum, 2008). In 2009, Tata Motors faced culture problem in United States whereby affected the sales of their Jaguar. Many American did not want to buy a famous brand like Jaguar if it is owned by Indian company (Kamath, 2009). In focusing their socio-cultural environment, Tata Motors has Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) team which does social activities, donation, charity and caring the environment (Tata Motors, 2008). III.4. Technological Technological environment could affect raw material, operation, product, and company services. The development of technology can give huge opportunity to increase the product output in the company. Government intervention through tax policy and laws also play important role in the development of technology. The willingness to do innovation and taking risk seems to be the important component in this factor. Technological environment such as: The impact of changes in technology, new invention and development, cost and use of technology, and information technology development. This factor could give a competitive advantage to the company. As one of the giant automobile company, Tata Motors has to adapt and develop their product to the technology. The adaptation is not only in the factory machines but also in the car parts. Tata Motors allocate 2% of their Sales to Research Development Department (Tata Motors, 2010). Now, they are working to make environmental friendly buses such as hydrogen fuel cell buses and hybrid cars (Doggett, 2010). Not only in the real world, but Tata Motors also expand their services through internet. Tata Motors has on Online Booking Services which allow customers who has problem with their car to book date to send their car to their workshop. Now, customer also can purchase Tata Nano through internet, Tata Motors expand their business to e-commerce marketing (Marathe, 2009). III.5. SWOT Analysis of Tata Motors SWOT Analysis is a tool to analyze situation and condition of a business. It shows the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats of the business. It is helpful to support the decisional making in the company because this analysis shows the current performance of the company and the possible challenges in the future time (Kern, 2001). And these are the SWOT Analysis of Tata Motors which been described from their official website: III.5.1. Strength: Strong brand image Good management Done many good innovations III.5.2. Weaknesses: The market target mostly is lower level citizen Advertisement and promotion still below other companies III.5.3. Opportunities: The acquisition of Jaguar-Land Rover will give more opportunities to produce different product innovation and aim to luxury market segment. The new Tata Nano as the world cheapest car will bring lots of demands. III.5.4. Threats: The tight competitiveness in automobile industry The high oil price The high price of raw materials The International Consideration As being the largest automobile company in India, Tata Motors knew that they could gain more profit by expanding their market globally. Opening business in some other countries outside their domestic market in India will bring benefit to them to be closer to their customers and reach worldwide market. IV.1. Worldwide Branches Tata Motors was established in 1945; however Tata Motors started expanding their business internationally since 1961, they are doing export with over 80 countries in 5 continents. In 1992 Tata Motors reached Europe market by export (Ibef, 2010). They have operations in: Venezuela, Senegal, Ghana, Nigeria, Zaire, Tanzania, South Africa, Spain, Italy, United Kingdom, Ukraine, Russia, Chile, Australia, Poland, Turkey, Syria, South Arabia, India, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Thailand, Malaysia, and Bangladesh (Tata Motors, 2008). With 23,000 employees worldwide, Tata Motors is the first automobile company to be listed in New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) in 2004. In the same year also they bought Daewoo Commercial Vehicles Company, a South Korea truck manufacture. Again Tata Motors expand its wings by buying 21% shares of Hispano Carrocera in 2005, a bus maker from Spain. A year later, they joint venture with Thonburi Automotive Assembly Plant Company from Thailand. Moreover, they also cooperate with Marcopolo, a Brazilian company. Furthermore, in 2008 Tata Motors acquired Jaguar and Land Rover from a UK company, Ford (Tata Motors, 2010). IV.2. Tata Motors Concern toward International Business As one of the big player in automobile business, Tata Motors must concern on many important things such as: environment, politics, and cultures. There is a big issue right now in Tata Motors which is related to their concern toward environment. A big demand for their low cost car Tata Nano will bring even more pollution because it is affordable and every people will buy it (Shivani, 2010). It is a good sign for the company but a bad sign to the earth. To focus into Tata Motors international business, United Kingdom is taken as an example. UK market is favourable for Tata Motors. Some of the advantage that they received by doing business in the UK are: Language; because India used English as their official language and so does UK, Tata Motors sees UK market is potential, UK is more attractive than another country also because they have lower entry barriers and they have a good network for dealer which is very important for Tata Motors (Purcell, 2009). Tata Motors has to concern on UK economic condition too, because it is a main market for Jaguar and Land Rover (Subbu, 2003; David, 2008). It is saver for Tata Motors for doing business in UK because the stability of Pound Sterling and UK is a good place to make Foreign Direct Investment (Invest in the UK, 2010). But overall, Tata Motors has to concern on the tight competitiveness in automobile industry in the UK. Huge brands such as: Toyota, BMW, Honda, Mercedes-Benz, etc, are also big players in the market. Therefore, Tata Motors must keep the strong performance by keep developing new product to attract customers. Also keep good relationship with customers to enhance their loyalty (Nemo, 2010). IV.3. Internationalization Method Tata Motors ways to international business such as: joint-venture, subsidiary, exporting, franchise, and dealer distribution. Tata Motors used Joint-venture or associate companies to touch Europe market (Ibef, 2010). They associated with Hispano Carrocera in Spain and become Tata Hispano. Tata Hispano produces coach, big buses, large cars, and regional transport (Auto, 2009). In 2009 Tata Motors bought 100% stake of this company (Indian Info Tech, 2010). Subsidiary or acquisition means when a company is owned and controlled by its parent company after has been acquired (Lennon, 1999). Tata Motors has 30 subsidiaries and 20 of them are outside of India. They gained almost Rs. 6500 crore revenue from the subsidiaries in 2006 which contributed almost 20% of the group revenue (Tata Sons Ltd, 2007). The most profitable subsidiary is Tata Daewoo Commercial Vehicle (TDCV) in South Korea and Telco Construction Equipment Company (Telcon), cooperate with Hitachi in India (Tata Sons Ltd, 2007). Besides doing joint-venture and subsidiary, Tata Motors also exports some of their products. In 2008, Tata Motors exported more than 33,000 units (Tata Motors, 2009). The exported country is spread in 5 continents and more than 70 countries. In the year 2006, Tata Motors exports reached 11% of its total sales (Onkvisit and Shaw, 2004); they focused in South Africa market in that year and exported almost 33% of the total export (Economic Times, 2006). Tata Motors has franchisees in some countries such as: Kenya, Bangladesh, Senegal, Russia, and Ukraine (Tata Motors, 2010). In addition, they have dealers to distribute their cars to their customers in Venezuela (Tata Sons Ltd, 2010). IV.4. Problem Faced by Tata Motors Even though the field of international business seems fertile, but it has so many obstacles and problems. Tata Motors has to be careful to overcome all the problems. Some of the problems would be: Joint venture problem, decreasing of stock, economic downturn in America and Europe, and last but not least is the tight global competitiveness of automobile company (Menezes, 2005). First, joint venture problem. When Tata Motors took over Jaguar and Land Rover in 2008, both them was doing badly (The Economist, 2009). Jaguar sales dropped to less than 65,000 cars in 2007 while Land Rover turned form favourable to unfavourable because they world demand is changing to environmental friendly cars while Land Rover still producing its spendthrift fuel cars. To overcome these problems, Tata Motors made a careful step by making new car design. Tata Motors came with Jaguar X-type which is better in design and also cheaper. They had a warm response from the market. To maintain it, Tata Motors asked help from Jaguar-Land Rover management to take part in the company. In Land Rover case, Tata built Land Rover LRX which is better in fuel consumption and low emission (Kamath, 2009). Another problem would be the decreasing stock of Tata Motors in 2008. This problem rose because of the $ 3 billion debt that Tata Motors loaned to buy Jaguar-Land Rover which could cause higher interest cost and lower down earnings (Kamath, 2009). This problem also compounded by the global economy crisis. Many Investors afraid that Tata Motorss stock would fall down. The best solution to this problem is to increase sales by making lower cost cars which will attract the customers, also support from Tata Group (its parent company) to help Tata Motors to settle their financial problem first (Krishnamoorthy and Koenig, 2008; Moinansari, 2009). Can be said that Tata Motors enter the global market was not in a right time. When it acquired Jaguar-Land Rover from Ford, American and European markets were in a weak point. The best solution in this condition is to keep the good management between Tata Motors and Jaguar-Land Rover, and also good investment in their product line like the latest Tata Nano which is the world cheapest car to reach every corner market (MBA, 2010). Although Tata Motors is a largest automobile company in India, but it only ranked as the 19th largest manufacture in the world (OICA, 2009). So, to face the competitiveness among the companies, Tata Motors must find a way to attract the market, for example: New product line, Make a low price car with a good quality, maintain their safety level, etc (Horner, 2009). The Future Growth of Business Tata Motors performance is also countable in automobile industry. With Tata Group as its parent company, and Ratan Tata as its CEO, Tata Motors is keep growing and expanding their market. In their official website, stated that the company revenue jumped 30.5% from last year and they got Rs. 2,571 crores of profit (Tata Motors, 2010). It is a positive growth from the company. Ansoff Product-Market Matrix was founded by H. Igor Ansoff in 1957. This marketing tool is used to help company to find the best strategy that should they choose to reach the objectives (Harris, 2000; Botten, 2008). Source: Ansoff 1957 cited in Campbell and Craig, 2005 Output from this Ansoff Matrix is a growing strategies which are appropriate for every part of business. Igor Ansoff stated that there are 4 strategies in Ansoff Matrix, they are: 1). Market Penetration, 2). Product Development, 3). Market Development, and 4). Diversification (Graham and Allan, 2008). V.1. Market Penetration The company is trying to reach the existing market with product that has existed too. This is the safest step because it has lesser risk than any other strategies. Usually, companies use this strategy to attract their competitors customers. Tata Motors used this strategy when they reached UK market by take over Jaguar-Land Rover, Tata Motors did not just concentrate on the new products line that they can produce from the two companies above but instead, Tata Motors still producing Tata Indica in the market (Tata Motors, 2003). V.2. Product Development The company offer new product to the present market. This is an important strategy to give fresh breath to the market. The new product will attract more customers from the existing market. The first product development of Tata Motors was Tata Sierra, their first passanger vehicle. Tata Sierra was marketed in 1991. And that was the first step of Tata Motors to develop their product and future strategy (Tata Motors, 2010). Tata Motors also did product development when they started to produce Tata Nano in 2008, Ratan Tata thought about making the world cheapest car and produced it in the domestic market first, India (Tata Motors, 2009). The strategy was to sell affordable car to the people in the same time, expanding their market. Before that, Tata Motors developed the first mini-truck in India called Tata Ace. Tata Ace came to the market in 2005 and in 2 years time, they have sold 96,000 units of Tata Ace (Tata Motors, 2007). By marketing this product, Tata Motors expand their market to mini-truck segment and become market leader (Thakkar, 2010). As been stated in Businessworld website (2010), Tata Motors is planning to put Rs. 10,000 crore for product development. The investment will be used to cover their debt when purchasing Jaguar-Land Rover, to buy new technologies, and any other improvement. V.3. Market Development Use the present product that belong to the company and offer it to a new market. Many MNE usually use this strategy to reach wider market domestically and internationally. Some examples of market development are: expanding to another country, selling the product to a different market segment, and using the product for different function (Graham and Allan, 2008). Tata Motors has developed their market overseas; they reached South Korea market in 2004, Spain market in 2005, Thailand market in 2006, UK market in 2008, and many more. Tata Motors sells their existing product like buses, trucks, and cars in those markets. Tata Motors is planning to make their market even wider by opening new companies in developing countries such as: Indonesia, Philippines, and Turkey (Tata Motors, 2010). V.4. Diversification This is a strategy whereby the company makes a new product and offers it to the new market. Diversification has higher risk than another strategies because the market and the product is new, but in the other side it could bring more profit to the company as it will bring new customers (Graham and Allan, 2008). Tata Motors diversified their product when they entered UK market and took over Jaguar-Land Rover in 2008 (Rao, 2009). It allowed Tata Motors to produced new products line, for example: Jaguar X-Type and Land Rover LRX (Kamath, 2009). New Venture Tata Motors main target market mostly is developing countries because developing countries seem to have fewer barriers to entry and the market is growing (Wentz, 2007). Tata Motors currently is famous with their Tata Nano, a one-lakh-car which is cheap in price; this car is only cost Rs. 100,000 or $ 2,500 (Tata Motors, 2010), this car really fits for developing countries which have lower GDP per capita, and also Tata Motors produces buses and trucks which is suitable for industrial country. It is proven by how they operate business with Thailand, in 2008, they managed to sell 600 big trucks (HT Media, 2009). To expand Tata Motors market, Indonesia will be chosen. Dilip Chenoy, director of Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM) says that Indonesia has a very good market and it is showing an optimistic economy (Reuters, 2009). VI.1. Method of Business Entry The method of business entry that should Tata Motors do is Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). They did the same when they entry Thailand market; Tata Motors joint venture with Thornburi Automotive Assembly. And since Indonesia and Thailand has similar market, it will be good if they find a partner in Indonesia and joint venture with them (Bhattacharya, 2010). FDI has a lot of benefits to both sides. It gives advantage to the host country to develop their economy, enhance the technology, more capital and investment, and new product. To the original firm, it gives opportunity to expand the market, easier marketing process, and surely will bring more profit to the company (Graham and Spaulding, 2005). Indonesia has become target for FDI to so many companies in many countries. Lots of Multi National Enterprise (MNE) planted their business there (Afrida, 2010). Foreign Capital Investment Law No. 1 of 1967, amended by Law No. 11 of 1970 regulates FDI (Expat Association Jakarta, 2010). VI.2. Porters Five Forces Analysis This theory was found by Michael Porter. It is used to analyze competition between industries. It says that a company should not be only competitor oriented but also has a clear market vision, Porter explains that our potential competitors are those infant industries, suppliers, customers and buyers, and substitute product producers. Therefore we have to know 5 forces that determine the character of one industry, they are: The threat of new entrants, Rivalry among existing competitors, The threat of substitute products or services, The bargaining power of buyers, The bargaining power of suppliers (Porter, 1979). Source: Porter 1979 cited in Harvard Business Review, 2008 This theory will help us to understand the Indonesia market for Tata Motors, by using its 5 factors it will be easier to know the market strength and opportunity. First is The threat of new entrants. This force is usually influenced by barriers to entry. For example: laws and regulation, access to materials, tariff, investment cost, etc. The more barriers to entry, the lower the threat of new entrants. Tata Motors must be aware for this threat if they want to come to Indonesia. Indonesias market for Tata Nano seems good because most of the cities in Indonesia are crowded and often jammed so the small and cheap car like Tata Nano will be on demand (Chaudhary, 2009). The new entrants which can give threat for Tata Motors such as: Intelligent Geely, a  £1,500 car by China Geely Automobile (The Economist, 2008) and also Maruti Ritz by Maruti Suzuki (Autocar, 2010). So, Tata Motors must maintain the loyalty of its customers by always giving the best services and always produce not only cheap but also good quality cars. Second is Rivalry among existing competitors. It is the most common thing in business world. If the business has many competitors, it could give disadvantages to the company because they share the same amount of customers (Royer, 2005). Tata Motors will have many competitors in Indonesia, such as: Honda, Toyota, Mitsubishi, Daihatsu, and many more. Each brand has their own competitive advantage, so Tata Motors have to make sure that they are strong enough to enter the market by keep innovate their cars, keep the low price, and promote more (Landge, 2010). Third is The threat of substitute products or services. This theory investigates how many substitutes that the product has in the market. The existence of substitute product will block up the producer freedom for price setting (Morrison, 2008). The high price of oil sometimes lower down the demand for car, especially nowadays when the oil price has reached $87/barrel (OPEC, 2010). People might substitute it with bicycle, motorcycle, or hybrid car which is popular recently. The strategies that Tata Motors should do are produce good quality cars, innovative products, and keep update with latest technology (Humad, 2005). Fourth is The bargaining power of buyers. The more products that the company has will bring a more choices to the buyers which will make their position become stronger. Buyers or customers are the main key for company, because they bring sales and profit (Miles, 1995). The target customer for Tata Nano is moderate to low level because it is affordable. The cheap price will bring positive respond from Indonesia market (OConnor, 2008). And the last one is The bargaining power of suppliers. This explains how important a supplier to a company. If lets say there are only a few suppliers in the market, the material will become rare and the bargaining power for the suppliers will be higher (Peng, 2008). Tata Motors Indonesia will still depend on their suppliers in India, so they need to maintain close relationship to the suppliers especially when the demand increases (Sachin, 2010). Conclusion Tata Motors, India largest automobile company has proven that they are countable in automobile industry. They are successful to reach domestic market and global market. Now, Tata Motors has reached market in 26 countries worldwide, from South America, Africa, Europe, and some part of Asia. This condition forces them to know every single countrys political, economical, socio-cultural and technological issues and operates the business according to that. The headquarters in Mumbai (India) is responsible to balance and to control how the subsidiaries in many countries operate their production because political changing and conflicts always exists. Tata Motors might face many competitors from the whole world, but to stand still and conquer the competitors is by developing products and keep innovating, this will give competitive advantage to Tata Motors. In these 2-3 years time, Tata Motors will invest to enhance their technology and cover their debts. This is a very good action from Tata Motors to show how integrated and strong they are. However, Tata Motorss step is not over yet, they are still expanding the business through many strategies. Developing new products and covering new market will always be their main purpose. Their vision is: Best in the manner in which we operate, best in the products we deliver, and best in our value system and ethics Ratan Tata. Word Count: 4677 words